UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                      TO                     

Commission file number: 001-31321

COHBAR, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

1455 Adams Drive, Suite 2050

Menlo Park, CA 94025

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(650) 446-7888

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2015 was $18,269,788, based upon the closing price of the Registrant's common stock as quoted on TSX Venture Exchange on such date. As of March 21, 2016 the registrant had outstanding 32,337,541 shares of common stock.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The registrant has incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K portions of its Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

COHBAR, INC.

2015 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

Table of Contents 

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This report, including the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are based on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about our business, our results of operations, the industry in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “may”, “will” “should”, “could”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “potential”, “continue” and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include:

These statements reflect our current beliefs and are based on information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, those listed in the “Risk Factors” section. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, changes in general economic and market conditions and the risk factors disclosed under “Risk Factors”. Although the forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon what we believe to be reasonable assumptions, we cannot assure you that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. Investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update or revise them to reflect new events or circumstances, except as required by applicable law.

Item 1. Business

OVERVIEW

CohBar, Inc. (“CohBar,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company”) is a leader in the research and development of mitochondria-based therapeutics (MBTs), an emerging class of drugs with potential for the treatment of diseases associated with aging. MBTs originate from the discovery by our founders of a novel group of peptides encoded within the genome of mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell. Our ongoing development of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) into MBTs offers the potential to address a broad range of diseases including type 2 diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders.

Our scientific leadership is centered around the expertise of our founders, Dr. Pinchas Cohen, Dean of the Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California, and Dr. Nir Barzilai, Professor of Genetics and Director of the Institute for Aging Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and is augmented by our co-founders, Dr. David Sinclair, Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and Dr. John Amatruda, former Senior Vice President and Franchise Head for Diabetes and Obesity at Merck Research Laboratories. CohBar’s Chief Scientific Officer is Dr. Kenneth Cundy, former Chief Scientific Officer at Xenoport, Inc. and Senior Director of Biopharmaceutics at Gilead Sciences, Inc.

Our founders and co-founders are widely considered to be scientific experts and thought leaders at the intersection of cellular and mitochondrial genetics and biology, the biology of aging, metabolism, and drug discovery, development and commercialization. The scientific research in the areas of mitochondrial genomics and biology, age-related diseases, longevity, and metabolism underlying our founder’s discoveries and our intellectual property portfolio was conducted by Drs. Cohen and Barzilai and their academic collaborators with the support of research grants aggregating over $30 million awarded to their respective academic institutions since 2001 by the National Institutes of Health, private foundations, and other grant-funding organizations. The multi-disciplinary expertise of our scientific leaders, and their investigations into and knowledge of age-related diseases, has enabled and focused our Company’s research efforts on the mitochondrial genome and its potential to yield peptides, which are biological molecules composed of a chain of bonded amino acids, for therapeutic advancement.

Mitochondria are components within the cell that convert nutrients into a form of energy that cells can use, and regulate cell growth and death in response to signals received from the cell. They are the only cell components, other than the nucleus, that have their own genome. The mitochondrial genome has been left relatively unexplored as a focus of drug discovery efforts and, until recently, scientists believed that it was relatively limited containing only 37 genes as compared to the nuclear genome, which is estimated to contain upwards of 20,000 genes. Research by our founders and their academic collaborators has revealed that the mitochondrial genome has dozens of previously undiscovered potential genes that encode peptides, only several of which have been characterized to date. We refer to these as mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). These peptides influence cellular activities by acting as hormones, or messengers between cells, triggering intra-cellular changes that affect cell growth and differentiation and play a role in metabolism.

MDPs represent a diverse and largely unexplored collection of peptides, which we believe have the potential to lead to novel mitochondria-based therapeutics (MBTs) for a number of diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We believe that CohBar is a first mover in exploring the mitochondrial genome to identify MDPs with the potential to be developed into transformative medicines, and that the depth of our scientific expertise, together with our intellectual property portfolio, will enable us to sustain this competitive advantage. By augmenting our scientific leadership and MDP discoveries with drug discovery and development expertise and capabilities, we believe we can identify and develop MBT candidates that harness the MDP’s cell-signaling mechanisms to unlock the therapeutic potential of this collection of peptides.

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents of the University of California and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of four issued U.S. patents, three U.S. patent applications and several related international patent applications in various international jurisdictions. Our licensed patents and patent applications include claims that are directed to compositions comprising MDPs and their analogs and/or methods of their use in the treatment of indicated diseases. See “Business – Patents and Intellectual Property”.

During 2015 we transitioned from our former lab in Pasadena, California to a new and expanded laboratory facility in Menlo Park, California. The new laboratory facility enabled us to expand our internal research and development capabilities. Our new location in Silicon Valley provides us with access to a large and experienced talent pool of scientific and laboratory personnel as we continue to grow our drug discovery and development operations.

We were formed as a limited liability company in the state of Delaware in 2007, and we incorporated in Delaware in 2009. We completed our initial public offering of common stock in January 2015.

BUSINESS STRATEGY

We aim to build a multi-product company based on our expertise in MDP biology and therapeutic drug development that, independently or together with strategic partners, discovers, develops and commercializes first and best-in-class medicines to treat a wide variety of diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Key elements of our strategy include:

Our Lead Peptides

Our research efforts to date have focused on discovering and evaluating our MDPs for potential development as MBT drug candidates. We seek to identify and advance research on MDPs with superior potential for yielding a drug candidate, and ultimately a drug, for which we have a strong intellectual property position. We also seek to take advantage of efficiencies that may be gained should a MBT drug candidate based on a single peptide prove effective for multiple indications. Based on our ongoing evaluation of MDPs currently in our research pipeline we are actively engaged in research on four MDPs for potential advancement into MBT drug candidate programs. We believe that the success of one of these possible MBT candidate programs, and further future development into a clinically effective therapeutic drug, while uncertain, could potentially address significant unmet medical needs.

MOTS-c

MOTS-c is an MDP discovered in 2012 by our founders and their academic collaborators. Research in cells and animal models indicates that MOTS-c plays a significant role in the regulation of metabolism and we believe a MOTS-c analog may have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as other diseases, such as obesity, fatty liver and certain cancers. Certain of these studies were subjected to peer review and published in an article entitled “The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide, MOTS-c, Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance,” which appeared in the March 3, 2015 edition of the journal Cell Metabolism. We are advancing research on MOTS-c and its analogs as our lead program.

SHLP-6

Our academic collaborators have discovered several other MDPs with similar mitochondrial origin to the first discovered MDP, humanin; we refer to these as small humanin-like peptides, or SHLPs. Of these peptides, our investigational research of SHLP-6 and its potential for the treatment of cancer is the most advanced. In cancer treatment models conducted both in cell culture and in mice, SHLP-6 demonstrated suppression of cancer progression via a dual mechanism involving suppression of tumor angiogenesis (blood vessel development) as well as induction of apoptosis (cancer cell death). We consider SHLP-6 as our leading research peptide for the potential treatment of cancer and plan to advance our research on optimization of SHLP-6 as an MBT candidate.

SHLP-2 and Humanin

Humanin, the first MDP to be discovered, demonstrated protective effects in various animal models of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial and cerebral ischemia and type 2 diabetes. Humanin levels in humans have been shown to decline with age, and elevated levels of humanin together with lower incidence of age-related diseases have been observed in centenarians as well as their offspring.

We also have evidence that another of our MDPs, SHLP-2, as well as certain of our humanin analogs, may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro experiments have shown SHLP-2 and these humanin analogs to have protective effects against neuronal toxicity, and have demonstrated that SHLP-2 and the humanin analogs may be transported through the blood-brain barrier. We consider SHLP-2, humanin and humanin analogs of potential interest for the development of MBT treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Our Target Indications

Our drug discovery efforts are centered on identification of mitochondrial-derived peptides that have therapeutic potential to be advanced as drug candidates. Our research programs to date suggest multiple possible therapeutic indications for each of our lead peptides. While we believe any MBT drug candidates we identify would be advanced against one of the following diseases as a primary indication, it is possible that we may determine to advance a drug candidate for treatment of a different disease as a primary indication. We may determine to advance any future drug candidate against an alternative primary disease indication if, for example, additional data suggests greater therapeutic potential for the drug candidate against the alternative indication, or we determine that the development, approval or commercialization pathway may be more favorable for a drug candidate targeted against the alternative indication.

Type 2 diabetes – Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by a relative deficiency in insulin production and secretion by the pancreas and an inability of the body to respond to insulin normally, i.e. insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the nerves, kidneys, eyes and blood vessels.

Cancer – Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs. This process is referred to as metastasis. Metastases are a major cause of death from cancer. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer drugs such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy and other treatments are used to destroy cancer cells. The goal of cancer drugs is to cure the disease or, when a cure is not possible, to prolong life or improve quality of life for patients with incurable cancer.

Alzheimer’s disease – In the brain, neurons connect and communicate at synapses, where tiny bursts of chemicals called neurotransmitters carry information from one cell to another. Alzheimer’s disrupts this process and eventually destroys synapses and kills neurons, damaging the brain’s communication network. There is no cure, and medications on the market today treat only the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and do not have the ability to stop its onset or its progression. There is an urgent and unmet need for both a disease-modifying drug for Alzheimer’s disease as well as for better symptomatic treatments.

Atherosclerosis – Atherosclerosis is commonly referred to as a “hardening” or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple atheromatous plaques within the arteries. This process is the major underlying risk for developing myocardial infarction (heart attack) as those plaques will either narrow the vessel or rupture, preventing blood flow in the coronary artery to parts of the heart muscle. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Cholesterol lowering drugs are considered the main preventive approach to treat atherosclerosis, however these drugs are estimated to prevent only one-third of incidences of myocardial infarction, and there is significant unmet need for additional therapeutic options.

COMPETITION

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our scientific knowledge, technology, and development experience provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. Competition may occur at any stage of research, development and commercialization. For example, a competitor may be granted a patent with a priority date preceding ours or may produce a compound that shows greater efficacy or better safety than ours during development studies. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future.

Many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and capabilities for research and development, manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, in establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, and in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Small or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly during the research phase, either directly or through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our product candidates, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payers.

Our commercial opportunities could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payers seeking to encourage the use of products which are generic or are otherwise less expensive to provide.

There are numerous therapies currently marketed to treat diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. These therapies are varied in their design, therapeutic application and mechanism of action and may provide significant competition for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval. New products or therapies may also become available that provide efficacy, safety, convenience and other benefits that are not provided by currently marketed products and therapies. As a result, they may provide significant competition for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval.

If MOTS-c or analogs of MOTS-c are developed and approved for treatment of patients with diabetes, it would compete with several classes of drugs for type 2 diabetes that are approved to improve glucose control, including sulfonylureas, glinides, PPAR gamma agonists, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, DPP IV inhibitors, GLP1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, bromocriptine and insulin. Insulin sensitizing agents approved to treat type 2 diabetes are the PPAR gamma agonists pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. These agents are not generic, are oral once-daily pills and are effective in lowering glucose and A1C. Metformin is also sometimes called an insulin sensitizer. It is available as a generic and comes in a once-daily formulation. Drugs approved for obesity may also be used to treat type 2 diabetes. In addition there are several investigational drugs being studied to treat type 2 diabetes and if these investigational therapies were approved they would also compete with a MOTS-c MBT.

If SHLP-6 (or MOTS-c) or an analog of either MDP is developed and approved as an MBT treatment for patients with cancer, it would compete with all approved therapies for the cancer it is approved to treat. Since the specific cancer that these investigational therapies might be approved to treat is unknown, they would theoretically compete with any pharmaceutical agent that is approved to treat cancer. In addition, there are several investigational drugs being studied to treat cancer, and if these investigational therapies were approved, they would also compete with SHLP-6 and MOTS-c.

If SHLP-2 (or humanin) or an analog of either MDP is developed and approved as an MBT treatment for patients with Alzheimer’s disease, it would compete with all approved therapies to treat Alzheimer’s disease including donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), memantine (Namenda), rivastigmine (Exelon) and tacrine (Cognex). In addition, there are several investigational drugs being studied to treat Alzheimer’s that, if approved, would also compete with SHLP-2 or humanin.

FINANCING

Our business strategy and plans for research and development of our MDPs and MBT candidates includes periodic infusion of new capital to our company. We may seek to obtain funding for our business through partnership agreements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or through the issuance and sale of our equity securities in capital raising transactions.

EMPLOYEES

As of March 28, 2016 we had 11 employees, all of whom were full-time. In addition to our employees, each of our founders serves as a consultant to the Company and consults directly with our employees and scientific staff to advance our research programs. Each of Drs. Cohen, Barzilai, Amatruda and Sinclair provide consulting services in the areas of peptide research, genetics, aging and age related diseases, drug discovery, development and commercialization and other areas relevant to our business pursuant to consulting agreements that provide for annual service terms. Additionally, from time to time we engage other subject-matter experts on a consulting basis in specific areas of our research and development efforts. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Our research programs include activities related to discovery of MDPs, investigational research to evaluate the therapeutic potential of certain discovered MDPs and engineering analogs of certain discovered MDPs to improve their characteristics as potential MBT drug development candidates. Depending on factors of capability, cost, efficiency and intellectual property rights we conduct our research programs independently at our laboratory facility, pursuant to contractual arrangements with CROs or under collaborative arrangements with academic institutions. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $1,966,221 and $579,474, respectively.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Patents

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our novel biological discoveries and therapeutic methods, to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing patent applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. Our policy is generally to seek patent protection in the United States and in those international jurisdictions we identify as holding significant potential market opportunity for any drug we may develop and in which patent protection is available. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

Our intellectual property and patent strategy is focused on our MDPs and our MBTs. We typically seek composition-of-matter and method-of-treatment patents for our MDPs and prospective MBTs based on pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutic potential. We believe that the opportunity to engineer analogs or create combination therapies will afford us the opportunity to strengthen IP protection for our drug development candidates as they advance through our development pipeline and to broaden our IP protection internationally.

Individual patents extend for varying periods of time depending on the date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued from applications filed in the United States are effective for twenty years from the earliest non-provisional filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period, however, the restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term, including the restoration period, must not exceed fourteen years following FDA approval. The duration of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also twenty years from the earliest international filing date. We currently have exclusive license rights to four issued patents that will expire starting in 2028.

A summary of our patent estate as it relates to our lead research peptides appears below:

National and international patent laws concerning peptide therapeutics remain highly unsettled. Policies regarding the patent eligibility or breadth of claims allowed in such patents are currently in flux in the United States and other countries. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries can diminish our ability to protect our inventions and enforce our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth or enforceability of claims that may be granted in our patents or in third-party patents. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our drugs and technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of the patent applications that we may file or license from third parties will result in the issuance of any patents. The issued patents that we license, or may license or own in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Furthermore, our competitors may be able to independently develop and commercialize similar drugs or duplicate our technology, business model or strategy without infringing our patents. Because of the extensive time required for clinical development and regulatory review of a drug we may develop, it is possible that, before any of our drugs can be commercialized, any related patent may expire or remain in force for only a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing any advantage of any such patent. The patent positions for our lead research peptides are described below:

MOTS-c Patent Coverage

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents of the University of California (the “Regents”) to intellectual property rights related MOTS-c, including one patent application filed in the United States (U.S. Application No. 14/213,617) and corresponding foreign applications filed in multiple countries and regions. Both applications include composition of matter claims directed to MOTS-c and analogs of MOTS-c, as well as methods of use claims for MOTS-c or analogs of MOTS-c as a treatment for type 1diabetes, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, obesity and cancer.

SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 Patent Coverage

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents to intellectual property for SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 and their analogs. This intellectual property includes the following issued and pending patents:

We are pursuing intellectual property protection related to analogs of these peptides. 

Humanin and Humanin Analogs Patent Coverage

We are the exclusive licensee from the Regents and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University to the following U.S. patent applications and issued U.S. patents and covering humanin and humanin analogs for treatment of disease.

Trade Secrets

In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and invention assignment agreements with our employees. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Trademarks

Our application for registration of the trademark COHBAR^TM in the United States was published on January 20, 2015. The USPTO issued a Notice of Allowance of our trademark application on March 20, 2015.

In-licenses

MOTS-c Exclusive License

On August 6, 2013, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Regents to obtain worldwide, exclusive rights under patent filings and other intellectual property rights in inventions developed by Dr. Cohen and academic collaborators at the University of California, Los Angeles. The intellectual property includes the pending U.S. and international patent filings described above under “MOTS-c Patent Coverage”.

We agreed to pay the Regents specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. We are also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first three years following execution of the agreement are $7,500. Thereafter, we are required to pay maintenance fees of $5,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, we are required to pay the Regents royalties equal to 2% of our worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patent, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. We are required to pay the Regents royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials) to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires us to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date.

Under the agreement, the license rights granted to us are subject to any rights the U.S. Government may have in such licensed rights due to its sponsorship of research that led to the creation of the licensed rights. The agreement also provides that if the Regents become aware of a third-party’s interest in exploiting the licensed technologies in a field that we are not actively pursuing, then we may be obligated either to issue a sublicense for use in the unexploited field to the third-party on substantially similar terms or to actively pursue the unexploited field subject to appropriate diligence milestones. The agreement terminates upon the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights. We may terminate the agreement at any time by giving the Regents advance written notice. The agreement may also be terminated by the Regents in the event of our continuing material breach after notice of such breach and the opportunity to cure.

Humanin and SHLPs Exclusive License

On November 30, 2011, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Regents and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University to obtain worldwide, exclusive rights under patent filings and other intellectual property rights in inventions developed by Drs. Cohen and Barzilai and their academic collaborators. The intellectual property subject to the agreement includes four issued and two pending U.S. patents including composition claims directed to humanin analogs, SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 and methods of use claims directed to humanin, humanin analogs and SHLP-6. See “Humanin and Humanin Analogs Patent Coverage” and “SHLP-2 and SHLP-6 Patent Coverage”.

We agreed to pay the licensors specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. We are also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first five years following execution of the agreement are $80,000. Thereafter, we are required to pay maintenance fees of $50,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, we are required to pay the licensors royalties equal to 2% of our worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patents, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. We are required to pay royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials) to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires us to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an IND for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date.

Under the agreement, the license rights granted to us are subject to any rights the U.S. Government may have in such licensed rights due to its sponsorship of research that led to the creation of the licensed rights. The agreement terminates upon the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights. We may terminate the agreement at any time by giving the Regents advance written notice. The agreement may also be terminated by the Regents in the event of our continuing material breach after notice of such breach and the opportunity to cure.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER REGULATORY MATTERS

Government Regulation

The pre-clinical studies and clinical testing, manufacture, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising, promotion, export, marketing and sales, among other things, of our therapeutic candidates and future products, are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. In the United States, pharmaceutical products are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and other laws. Biologics are subject to regulation by the FDA under the FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, and related regulations, and other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. Biological products include, among other things, viruses, therapeutic serums, vaccines and most protein products. Product development and approval within these regulatory frameworks takes a number of years, and involves the expenditure of substantial resources.

Regulatory approval will be required in all major markets in which we, or our licensees, seek to test our products in development. At a minimum, such approval requires evaluation of data relating to quality, safety and efficacy of a product for its proposed use. The specific types of data required and the regulations relating to these data differ depending on the territory, the drug involved, the proposed indication and the stage of development.

In general, new chemical entities are tested in animal models to determine whether the product is reasonably safe for initial human testing. Clinical trials for new products are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. Phase 1 trials typically involve the initial introduction of the pharmaceutical into healthy human volunteers and focus on testing for safety, dosage tolerance, metabolism, distribution, excretion and clinical pharmacology. In the case of serious or life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, initial Phase 1 trials are often conducted in patients directly, with preliminary exploration of potential efficacy. Phase 2 trials involve clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 2 trials are typically closely monitored and conducted in a relatively small number of patients, usually involving no more than several hundred subjects. Phase 3 trials are generally expanded, well-controlled clinical trials. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained, and are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide an adequate basis for physician labeling.

In the United States, specific pre-clinical data, chemical data and a proposed clinical study protocol, as described above, must be submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, which, unless the FDA objects, will become effective 30 days following receipt by the FDA. Phase 1 trials may commence only after the IND application becomes effective. Following completion of Phase 1 trials, further submissions to regulatory authorities are necessary in relation to Phase 2 and 3 trials to update the existing IND. Authorities may require additional data before allowing the trials to commence and could demand discontinuation of studies at any time if there are significant safety issues. In addition to regulatory review, a clinical trial involving human subjects has to be approved by an independent body. The exact composition and responsibilities of this body differ from country to country. In the United States, for example, each clinical trial is conducted under the auspices of an Institutional Review Board for any institution at which the clinical trial is conducted. This board considers among other factors, the design of the clinical trial, ethical factors, the safety of the human subjects and the possible liability risk for the institution.

Information generated in this process is susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval at any stage of the approval process. Failure to demonstrate adequately the quality, safety and efficacy of a therapeutic drug under development would delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product.

In order to gain marketing approval, we must submit a new drug application, or NDA, for review by the FDA. The NDA requires information on the quality of the chemistry, manufacturing and pharmaceutical aspects of the product and non-clinical and clinical data.

There can be no assurance that if clinical trials are completed that we or any future collaborative partners will submit an NDA or similar applications outside of the United States for required authorizations to manufacture or market potential products, or that any such applications will be reviewed or approved in a timely manner. Approval of an NDA, if granted at all, can take several months to several years, and the approval process can be affected by a number of factors. Additional studies or clinical trials may be requested during the review and may delay marketing approval and involve unbudgeted costs. Regulatory authorities may conduct inspections of relevant facilities and review manufacturing procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. In addition to obtaining approval for each product, in many cases each drug manufacturing facility must be approved. Further, inspections may occur over the life of the product. An inspection of the clinical investigation sites by a competent authority may be required as part of the regulatory approval procedure. As a condition of marketing approval, the regulatory agency may require post-marketing surveillance to monitor adverse effects, or other additional studies as deemed appropriate. After approval for the initial indication, further clinical studies are usually necessary to gain approval for additional indications. The terms of any approval, including labeling content, may be more restrictive than expected and could affect product marketability.

Holders of an approved NDA are required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA, and to comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their products. Moreover, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess cGMP compliance. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance. We expect to continue to rely upon third-party manufacturers to produce commercial supplies of any products which are approved for marketing. We cannot be sure that those manufacturers will remain in compliance with applicable regulations, or that future FDA inspections will not identify compliance issues at the facilities of our contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution, or require substantial resources to correct.

Any of our future products approved by the FDA will likely be purchased principally by healthcare providers that typically bill various third-party payers, such as governmental programs (e.g., Medicare and Medicaid), private insurance plans and managed care plans, for the healthcare products and services provided to their patients. The ability of customers to obtain appropriate reimbursement for the products and services they provide is crucial to the success of new drug and biologic products. The availability of reimbursement affects which products customers purchase and the prices they are willing to pay. Reimbursement varies from country to country and can significantly impact the acceptance of new products. Even if we were to develop a promising new product, we may find limited demand for the product unless reimbursement approval is obtained from private and governmental third-party payers.

If the FDA approves any of our future products and reimbursement for those products is approved by any federal or state healthcare programs, then we will be subject to federal and state laws, such as the Federal False Claims Act, state false claims acts, the illegal remuneration provisions of the Social Security Act, and federal and state anti-kickback laws that govern financial and other arrangements among drug manufacturers and developers and the physicians and other practitioners or facilities that purchase or prescribe products. Among other things, these laws prohibit kickbacks, bribes and rebates, as well as other direct and indirect payments that are intended to induce the use or prescription of medical products or services payable by any federal or state healthcare program, and prohibit presenting a false or misleading claim for payment under a federal or state program. Possible sanctions for violation of any of these restrictions or prohibitions include loss of eligibility to participate in federal and state reimbursement programs and civil and criminal penalties. If we fail to comply, even inadvertently, with any of these requirements, we could be required to alter our operations, enter into corporate integrity, deferred prosecution or similar agreements with state or federal government agencies, and could become subject to significant civil and criminal penalties.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our common stock is listed on the TSX Venture Exchange and trades under the symbol “COB.U.” It also trades in the OTCQX marketplace under the symbol “CWBR.” Our principal executive offices are located at 1455 Adams Drive, Suite 2050, Menlo Park, California 94025, and our telephone number is (650) 446-7888. The internet address of our corporate website is http://www.cohbar.com.

We file annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. You can inspect and obtain a copy of our reports, proxy statements and other information filed with the SEC at the offices of the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the Public Reference Room. The SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov where you can access copies of most of our SEC filings.

We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, available free of charge on our corporate website. In addition, our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee are available on our corporate website. The contents of our corporate website are not incorporated into, or otherwise to be regarded as part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

CohBar operates in an environment that involves a number of risks and uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that presently are not considered material or are not known to us, and therefore are not mentioned herein, may impair our business operations. If any of the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K actually occur, our business, operating results and financial position could be adversely affected.

We have had a history of losses and no revenue.

Since our conversion to a Delaware corporation in September 2009 through December 31, 2015, we have accumulated losses of $8,334,537. As of December 31, 2015, we had working capital of $9,797,017 and a stockholders’ equity of $9,812,079. We can offer no assurance that we will ever operate profitably or that we will generate positive cash flow in the future. To date, we have not generated any revenues from our operations and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. As a result, our management expects the business to continue to experience negative cash flow for the foreseeable future and cannot predict when, if ever, our business might become profitable. With the cash on hand as of December 31, 2015, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to meet its operating expenses and working capital needs into the second quarter of 2017. Until we can generate significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through equity or debt financing. We will need to raise additional funds, and such funds may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise funds on acceptable terms, we may not be able to execute our business plan, take advantage of future opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated requirements. This may seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the event we are not able to continue operations our stockholders will likely suffer a complete loss of their investments in our securities.

We are an early research stage biotechnology company and may never be able to successfully develop marketable products or generate any revenue. We have a very limited relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. There is no assurance that our future operations will result in profits. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues, we may suspend or cease operations.

We are an early-stage company. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, in-licensing intellectual property, identifying MDPs for further research and performing research on identified MDPs. We have not generated any revenues to date. All of our MBTs are in the concept or research stage. Moreover, we cannot be certain that our research and development efforts will be successful or, if successful, that our MBTs will ever be approved by the FDA. Typically, it takes 10-12 years to develop one new medicine from the time it is discovered to when it is available for treating patients and longer timeframes are not uncommon. Even if approved, our products may not generate commercial revenues. We have no relevant operating history upon which an evaluation of our performance and prospects can be made. We are subject to all of the business risks associated with a new enterprise, including, but not limited to, risks of unforeseen capital requirements, failure of potential drug candidates either in research, pre-clinical testing or in clinical trials, failure to establish business relationships and competitive disadvantages against other companies. If we fail to become profitable, we may suspend or cease operations.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover potential drug development candidates.

A key element of our strategy is to identify and test MDPs that play a role in cellular processes underlying our targeted disease indications. A significant portion of the research that we are conducting involves emerging scientific knowledge and drug discovery methods. Our drug discovery efforts may not be successful in identifying MBTs that are useful in treating disease. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential drug development candidates, yet fail to yield candidates for pre-clinical and clinical development for a number of reasons, including:

Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a potential product candidate that ultimately proves to be unsuccessful. If we are unable to identify suitable MBTs for pre-clinical and clinical development, we will not be able to obtain product revenues in future periods, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price.

Our research and development plans will require substantial additional future funding which could impact our operational and financial condition. Without the required additional funds, we will likely cease operations.

It will take several years before we are able to develop potentially marketable products, if at all. Our research and development plans will require substantial additional capital to:

Our future operating and capital needs will depend on many factors, including:

We base our outlook regarding the need for funds on many uncertain variables. Such uncertainties include the success of our research and development initiatives, regulatory approvals, the timing of events outside our direct control such as negotiations with potential strategic partners and other factors. Any of these uncertain events can significantly change our cash requirements as they determine such one-time events as the receipt or payment of major milestones and other payments.

Additional funds will be required to support our operations and if we are unable to obtain them on favorable terms, we may be required to cease or reduce further research and development of our drug product programs, sell or abandon some or all of our intellectual property, merge with another entity or cease operations.

We will need additional funding and may be unable to raise additional capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development activities.

Our operations to date have consumed substantial amounts of cash, and we expect our capital and operating expenditures to increase in the next few years. We may not be able to generate significant revenues for several years, if at all. Until we can generate significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through equity or debt financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our research and development activities.

We have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, because of our status as an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accountants are not required to provide an attestation report as to our internal control over financial reporting for the foreseeable future.

We are required to annually assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As of December 31, 2015, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal control over financial reporting and based on this evaluation we concluded, as of December 31, 2015, that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective due to a material weakness.  The material weakness relates to our having one employee assigned to positions that involve processing financial information, resulting in a lack of segregation of duties so that all journal entries and account reconciliations are reviewed by someone other than the preparer, heightening the risk of error or fraud. Because of our limited resources we may be unable remediate the identified material weakness in a timely manner, or additional control deficiencies may be identified.  If we are unable to remediate the material weakness, or otherwise maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner.

Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest formally to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). We expect to be an “emerging growth company” for up to five years. Accordingly, you will not be able to depend on any attestation concerning our internal control over financial reporting from our independent registered public accountants for the foreseeable future. 

If we fail to demonstrate efficacy in our research and clinical trials, our future business prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially adversely affected.

The success of our research and development efforts will be greatly dependent upon our ability to demonstrate efficacy of MBTs in non-clinical studies, as well as in clinical trials. Non-clinical studies involve testing potential MBTs in appropriate non-human disease models to demonstrate efficacy and safety. Regulatory agencies evaluate these data carefully before they will approve clinical testing in humans. If certain non-clinical data reveals potential safety issues or the results are inconsistent with an expectation of the potential drug’s efficacy in humans, the program may be discontinued or the regulatory agencies may require additional testing before allowing human clinical trials. This additional testing will increase program expenses and extend timelines. We may decide to suspend further testing on our potential drugs if, in the judgment of our management and advisors, the non-clinical test results do not support further development.

Moreover, success in research, pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the results of later clinical trials will replicate the results of prior clinical trials and non-clinical testing. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our potential drug candidates are safe for humans and effective for indicated uses. This failure would cause us to abandon a drug candidate and may delay development of other potential drug candidates. Any delay in, or termination of, our non-clinical testing or clinical trials will delay the filing of an investigational new drug application and new drug application with the Food and Drug Administration or the equivalent applications with pharmaceutical regulatory authorities outside the United States and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our potential drugs and generate product revenues. In addition, we expect that our early clinical trials will involve small patient populations. Because of the small sample size, the results of these early clinical trials may not be indicative of future results.

Following successful non-clinical testing, potential drugs will need to be tested in a clinical development program to provide data on safety and efficacy prior to becoming eligible for product approval and licensure by regulatory agencies.

If any of our future potential drugs in clinical development become the subject of problems, our ability to sustain our development programs will become critically compromised. For example, efficacy or safety concerns may arise, whether or not justified, that could lead to the suspension or termination of our clinical programs. Examples of problems that could arise include, among others:

Each clinical phase is designed to test attributes of the drug and problems that might result in the termination of the entire clinical plan. These problems can be revealed at any time throughout the overall clinical program. The failure to demonstrate efficacy in our clinical trials would have a material adverse effect on our future business prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Even if we are able to develop our potential drugs, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval, or if approved, we may not be able to generate significant revenues or successfully commercialize our products, which will adversely affect our financial results and financial condition and we will have to delay or terminate some or all of our research and development plans which may force us to cease operations.

All of our potential drug candidates will require extensive additional research and development, including pre-clinical testing and clinical trials, as well as regulatory approvals, before we can market them. We cannot predict if or when any potential drug candidate we intend to develop will be approved for marketing. There are many reasons that we may fail in our efforts to develop our potential drug candidates. These include:

If we fail to develop our potential drug candidates, our financial results and financial condition will be adversely affected, we will have to delay or terminate some or all of our research and development plans and may be forced to cease operations.

If we do not maintain the support of qualified scientific collaborators, our revenue, growth and profitability will likely be limited, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We will need to maintain our existing relationships with leading scientists and/or establish new relationships with scientific collaborators. We believe that such relationships are pivotal to establishing products using our technologies as a standard of care for various indications. There is no assurance that our founders, scientific advisors or research partners will continue to work with us or that we will be able to attract additional research partners. If we are not able to establish scientific relationships to assist in our research and development, we may not be able to successfully develop our potential drug candidates. If this happens, our business will be adversely affected.

We will seek to establish development and commercialization collaborations, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our potential drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our drug candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may decide to collaborate with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies in connection with the development or commercialization of our potential drug candidates.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive collaboration agreement will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on, and whether such alternative collaboration project could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate.

Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators.

We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and some aspects of our research and pre-clinical testing. These third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research or pre-clinical testing.

We currently rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our research and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct additional aspects of our research and pre-clinical testing, as well as any future clinical trials. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our product research and development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our drug candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our medicines.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our drug candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our peptide materials for research and expect to continue to do so for any future product candidate advanced to pre-clinical testing, clinical trials and commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our research peptide materials, product candidates or medicines, or that such supply will not be available to us at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our research, development or commercialization efforts.

We do not have manufacturing facilities adequate to produce our research peptide materials or supplies of any future product candidate. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our peptide materials, any future product candidates for pre-clinical and clinical testing, and for commercial supply of any of these product candidates for which we or future collaborators obtain marketing approval. We do not have long term supply agreements with any third-party manufacturers, and we purchase our research peptides on a purchase order basis.

We may be unable to establish any agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or medicines, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our medicines and harm our business and results of operations.

Any drug candidate that we may develop may compete with other drug candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our investigational materials or future product candidates or medicines may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any medicines that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

We may not be able to develop drug candidates, market or generate sales of our products to the extent anticipated. Our business may fail and investors could lose all of their investment in our Company.

Assuming that we are successful in developing our potential drug candidates and receiving regulatory clearances to market our potential products, our ability to successfully penetrate the market and generate sales of those products may be limited by a number of factors, including the following:

If any of these happened, our business could be adversely affected.

Any product candidate we are able to develop and commercialize would compete in the marketplace with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. These competitive therapies may be more effective, less costly, more easily administered, or offer other advantages over any product we seek to market.

There are numerous therapies currently marketed to treat diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases for which our potential product candidates may be indicated. For example, if we develop an approved treatment for type 2 diabetes, it would compete with several classes of drugs for type 2 diabetes that are approved to improve glucose control. These include the insulin sensitizers pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia), which are administered as oral once daily pills, and metformin, which is sometimes called an insulin sensitizer and is available as a generic once daily formulation. If we develop an approved treatment for Alzheimer’s disease it would compete with approved therapies such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), memantine (Namenda), rivastigmine (Exelon) and tacrine (Cognex). These therapies are varied in their design, therapeutic application and mechanism of action and may provide significant competition for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval. New products may also become available that provide efficacy, safety, convenience and other benefits that are not provided by currently marketed therapies. As a result, they may provide significant competition for any of our product candidates for which we obtain market approval. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payers seeking to encourage the use of existing products which are generic or are otherwise less expensive to provide.

Our future success depends on key members of our scientific team and our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on our founders, Dr. Pinchas Cohen and Dr. Nir Barzilai, and the other principal members of our management and scientific teams. Drs. Cohen and Barzilai are members of our board of directors and provide certain scientific and research advisory services to us pursuant to consulting arrangements with each of them. Other members of our key management and scientific teams are employed “at will,” meaning we or they may terminate the employment relationship at any time. Our consultants and advisors, including our founders, may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. In addition, we rely on other consultants and advisors from time to time, including drug discovery and development advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development strategy. Agreements with these advisors typically may be terminated by either party, for any reason, on relatively short notice. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of the key members of our team. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, and managerial personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions.

We expect to expand our research, development and regulatory capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

We expect to experience significant growth in the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of research, drug development and regulatory affairs. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and our limited operating history, we may not be able to effectively manage the expected expansion of our operations. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

The use of any of our products in clinical trials may expose us to liability claims, which may cost us significant amounts of money to defend against or pay out, causing our business to suffer.

The nature of our business exposes us to potential liability risks inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of our products. We do not currently have any drug candidates in clinical trials, however, if any of our drug candidates enter into clinical trials or become marketed products, they could potentially harm people or allegedly harm people, possibly subjecting us to costly and damaging product liability claims. Some of the patients who participate in clinical trials are already ill when they enter a trial or may intentionally or unintentionally fail to meet the exclusion criteria. The waivers we obtain may not be enforceable and may not protect us from liability or the costs of product liability litigation. Although we intend to obtain product liability insurance which we believe is adequate, we are subject to the risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to cover claims. The insurance costs along with the defense or payment of liabilities above the amount of coverage could cost us significant amounts of money and management distraction from other elements of the business, causing our business to suffer. 

The patent positions of biopharmaceutical products are complex and uncertain and we may not be able to protect our patented or other intellectual property. If we cannot protect this property, we may be prevented from using it or our competitors may use it and our business could suffer significant harm. Also, the time and money we spend on acquiring and enforcing patents and other intellectual property will reduce the time and money we have available for our research and development, possibly resulting in a slow down or cessation of our research and development.

We are the exclusive licensee of patents and patent applications related to our MDPs and expect to own or license patents related to our potential drug candidates. However, neither patents nor patent applications ensure the protection of our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including the following:

It is also unclear whether our trade secrets are adequately protected. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees or consultants may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that someone illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. Our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. We may also support and collaborate in research conducted by government organizations, hospitals, universities or other educational institutions. These research partners may be unable or unwilling to grant us exclusive rights to technology or products derived from these collaborations prior to entering into the relationship.

If we do not obtain required intellectual property rights, we could encounter delays in our drug development efforts while we attempt to design around other patents or even be prohibited from developing, manufacturing or selling potential drug candidates requiring these rights or licenses. There is also a risk that disputes may arise as to the rights to technology or potential drug candidates developed in collaboration with other parties.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analysts who may cover us were to cease coverage or our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Shares of our common stock eligible for future sale in the public marketplace may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock in the public stock market. There were 32,320,891 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Of these, 12,915,343 shares held by our affiliates are subject to lock-up agreements which will expire on January 6, 2017, the date that is 24 months following completion of our initial public offering, and we anticipate that these shares will be eligible to be sold under a resale registration statement we intend to file prior to such time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares are able to or intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile.

The market for our common stock will likely be characterized by significant price volatility when compared to more established issuers and we expect that it will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile for a number of reasons. First, our common stock is likely to be sporadically and/or thinly traded. As a consequence of this lack of liquidity, the trading of relatively small quantities of common stock by our stockholders may disproportionately influence the price of the common stock in either direction. The price of the common stock could, for example, decline precipitously if even a relatively small number of shares are sold on the market without commensurate demand, as compared to a market for shares of an established issuer which could better absorb those sales without adverse impact on its share price. Secondly, we are a speculative investment due to our lack of profits to date and substantial uncertainty regarding our ability to develop and commercialize a drug product from our new or existing technologies. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the shares of an established issuer. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common stock will be at any time or as to what effect the sale of common stock or the availability of common stock for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 and related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. We may in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership experience an “ownership change.” Thus, our ability to utilize carryforwards of our net operating losses and other tax attributes to reduce future tax liabilities may be substantially restricted. At this time, we have not completed a full study to assess whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code occurred due to the costs and complexities associated with such a study. Further, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be applied against future taxes. Therefore, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal or state tax purposes.

Our management owns a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock. If the ownership of our common stock continues to be highly concentrated in management, it may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions.

As of March 21, 2016, our executive officers and directors own, as a group, approximately 38.6% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Additionally, our executive officers and directors own, as a group, options and warrants exercisable for approximately 12.9% of our outstanding common stock, assuming exercise of such options and warrants. As a result, our management could exert significant influence over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of our board of directors, the approval of mergers and other extraordinary transactions, as well as the terms of any of these transactions. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could in turn have an adverse effect on the fair market value of our company and our common stock. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other stockholders.

Because the principal trading markets for our shares are the TSX Venture Exchange and the OTCQX marketplace, the corporate governance rules of the major U.S. stock exchanges will not apply to us. As a result, our governance practices may differ from those of a company listed on such U.S. exchanges.

Our governance practices need not comply with certain New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ corporate governance standards, including:

There can be no assurance that we will voluntarily comply with any of the foregoing requirements. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such corporate governance requirements.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and require us to disclose information that is helpful to competitors, make us more attractive to potential litigants and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), and applicable Canadian securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations creates significant legal and financial compliance costs and makes some activities difficult, time-consuming or costly. The Exchange Act and applicable Canadian provincial securities legislation require, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.

Additionally, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as the rules and regulations of applicable Canadian securities regulators and the rules of the TSX-V, require us to implement particular corporate governance practices and adhere to a variety of reporting requirements and complex accounting rules. Among other things, we are subject to rules regarding the independence of the members of our board of directors and committees of the board and their experience in finance and accounting matters and certain of our executive officers are required to provide certifications in connection with our quarterly and annual reports filed with the SEC and applicable Canadian securities regulators. The perceived personal risk associated with these rules may deter qualified individuals from accepting these positions. Accordingly, we may be unable to attract and retain qualified officers and directors. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified officers and directors, our business and our ability to maintain the listing of our shares of common stock on the TSX-V or another stock exchange could be adversely affected.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if we have more than $1.0 billion in annual revenue, the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 (the last day of our second fiscal quarter) before that time, or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 (the last day of our fiscal year). We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Recent accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements upon adoption.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

In February 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a new and expanded laboratory facility. The laboratory space is leased on a month-to month basis and is part of a shared facility in Menlo Park, California. The Company also terminated a previous month-to-month lease for the laboratory space in Pasadena, California effective March 31, 2015.

Rent expense amounted to $107,385 and $21,600 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and to our knowledge none is threatened. There can be no assurance that future legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business or otherwise will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for our Common Stock

Our common stock has traded on the TSX Venture Exchange (the “TSX-V”) under the symbol “COB.U” since January 8, 2015. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. Our initial public offering was priced at USD $1.00 per share on January 6, 2015. The following table provides information with respect to the high and low sales prices from the TSX-V for each quarterly period for the year ended December 31, 2015. 

On March 21, 2016, the closing price for our common stock as reported on the TSX-V was USD $1.58 per share.

Our common stock has been quoted for trading on the OTC Markets Group OTCQX marketplace (the “OTCQX”) under the symbol “CWBR” since May 20, 2015. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low bid prices for our common stock as determined from quotations on the OTCQX. The quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail markup, markdown, or commissions, and may not represent actual transactions.

On March 21, 2016, the closing bid price for our common stock as reported on the OTCQX was USD $1.53 per share.

Holders of Common Stock

As of March 21, 2016, there were 32,337,541 shares of our common stock outstanding held by 40 holders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, which includes those stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividends

We have not declared or paid a cash dividend on our capital stock and do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. All dividends are subject to the approval of our board of directors. Any future determinations to pay dividends on our capital stock would depend on our results of operations, our financial condition and liquidity requirements, restrictions that may be imposed by applicable laws or our contracts, and any other factors that our board of directors in its sole discretion may consider relevant in declaring a dividend.

Use of Proceeds

On December 19, 2014, the SEC declared effective our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-200033) in connection with our initial public offering. The registration statement related to 11,250,000 units, each comprised of one share of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and one half of one common stock purchase warrant. On January 6, 2015, we sold 11,250,000 units at the price of $1.00 per unit, for an aggregate sale price of $11,250,000. The offering occurred solely in Canada using Haywood Securities, Inc. as agent.

We incurred expenses of $996,496 in connection with our initial public offering. We also issued compensation options to the agent for the offering exercisable for an aggregate of 786,696 units at a price of $1.00 per unit at any time prior to July 6, 2016. None of the agent commissions, compensation options or other offering expenses were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates or to persons owning 10% or more of our common stock or to any affiliate of ours. We received net proceeds of $10,253,504 from the offering. In 2015 we used proceeds from the offering for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including research and development expenditures, general and administrative expenditures and capital expenditures. We anticipate using the balance of the proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including research and development expenditures, general and administrative expenditures and capital expenditures during 2016 and 2017. 

Share Repurchases

During the year ended December 31, 2015, there were no purchases of shares of common stock made by, or on behalf of, the Company as defined by Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Equity Compensation Plans

See Item 12 for Equity Compensation Plan information.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We are a leader in the research and development of mitochondria-based therapeutics (MBTs), an emerging class of drugs for the treatment of diseases associated with aging. MBTs originate from the discovery by our founders of a novel group of peptides within the genome of mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell. Our ongoing development of these mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) into MBTs offers the potential to address a broad range of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders.

Our operations to date have been focused on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital and research on our MDPs. Our research efforts have focused on discovering and evaluating our MDPs for potential development as MBT drug candidates. We seek to identify and advance research on MDPs with superior potential for yielding a MBT drug candidate, and ultimately a drug, for which we have a strong intellectual property position.

Since our formation in 2007, we have in-licensed key intellectual property from our founders’ affiliated academic institutions, developed methods for identifying new MDPs, studied various MDPs in both in vitro and in vivo models and identified a number of MDPs with potential therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis and other diseases. Based on our evaluation of MDPs currently in our research pipeline we are actively engaged in research of four MDPs for potential advancement into MBT drug candidate programs.

We hold exclusive licenses from the Regents of the University of California and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine to four issued U.S. patents, four U.S. patent applications and related international patent applications. Our licensed patents and patent applications are directed to compositions comprising MDPs and MDP analogs and methods of their use in the treatment of indicated diseases. See “Business – Patents and Intellectual Property”.

We have financed our operations primarily through proceeds from our IPO and concurrent private offering, private placements of our preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, from grants from research foundations. Since our inception through December 31, 2015, our operations have been funded with an aggregate of approximately $19.6 million, of which approximately $0.2 million was from a grant-funding organization and approximately $19.4 million was from the issuance of equity instruments.

Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses were $3,878,210 and $1,819,684 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $8,334,537. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly when we commence pre-clinical development activities for any of our research peptides, continue research and discovery efforts on these and other MBTs, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio, and hire additional development and scientific personnel.

Financial Operations Review

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. In the future, we will seek to generate revenue from product sales, either directly or under any future licensing, development or similar relationship with a strategic partner.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our drug discovery efforts, and the development of our product candidates, which include:

We expense all research and development expenses as incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the year ending December 31, 2016, as we continue our efforts related to discovering, evaluating and optimizing our MDPs as potential MBT drug candidates.

Our Research Programs

Our research programs include activities related to discovery of MDPs, investigational research to evaluate the therapeutic potential of certain discovered MDPs and engineering analogs of certain discovered MDPs to improve their characteristics as potential MBT drug development candidates. Depending on factors of capability, cost, efficiency and intellectual property rights we conduct our research programs independently at our laboratory facility, pursuant to contractual arrangements with CROs or under collaborative arrangements with academic institutions.

The success of our research programs and the timing of those programs and the possible development of a research peptide into a drug candidate is highly uncertain. As such, at this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing or estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete research and development of a commercial drug. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, we will receive material net cash inflows from our operations. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing medicines, including the uncertainty of:

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Our MBT drug target candidates are in early stages of investigational research. Candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as our product candidate development programs progress. However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total program-specific expenses through commercialization. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our product candidates, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development. Additionally, future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control will impact our clinical development programs and plans.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions. Other significant costs include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and fees for accounting and consulting services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future to support continued research and development activities and the potential commercialization of our product candidates. These increases will likely include increased costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and fees to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants, among other expenses. Additionally, we anticipate increased costs associated with being a public company, including expenses related to services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission requirements, insurance and investor relations costs.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses were $1,966,221 in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $579,474 in the prior year, a $1,386,747 increase, or 239%. The increase in research and development expenses in the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily due to a $728,876 increase in wages, benefits and stock-based compensation primarily associated with the timing of the hiring of our Chief Scientific Officer, Vice President of Biology and expansion of our scientific staff, a $580,986 increase in laboratory supply and preclinical study costs related to our efforts to develop optimized MBT candidates, and the $102,709 increase in rent expense related to our new and expanded lab space.  The increased research and development expenses in the year ended December 31, 2015, as compared to the prior year period were partially offset by the $124,956 decrease in costs associated with research performed under arrangements with the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation. We expect research and development expenses to increase in the year ending December 31, 2016, as we continue to develop optimized MBT candidates.

General and administrative expenses were $1,908,080 in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $1,233,141 in the prior year, a $674,939 increase, or 55%. The increase in general and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily due to (i) a $257,943 increase in expenses related to being a publicly traded company including compliance costs (audit and review fees, filing and listing fees, legal compliance, annual meeting costs, etc.), (ii) $188,915 in marketing and investor relations, all of which we did not incur in the prior year period and (iii) the $178,166 increase in professional fees that were largely incurred in relation to the protection of our intellectual property. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in the year ending December 31, 2016, as we appointed a new CEO and plan to expand our investor relations initiatives.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had $4,803,687 and $1,194,492, respectively, in cash. We maintain our cash in a checking and savings account on deposit with a banking institution in the United States. In February 2015 our Board of Directors adopted an investment policy pursuant to which we maintain a portfolio of short-term highly liquid securities. As of December 31, 2015, we had $5,487,800 invested in U.S. Treasury Bills and Certificates of Deposit.

We believe the cash on hand and short-term investments as of December 31, 2015, are sufficient to meet our working capital needs and operating expenses into the second quarter of 2017. However, if unanticipated difficulties arise we may be required to raise additional capital to support our operations or curtail our research and development activities until such time as additional capital becomes available.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $3,631,163 and $838,973, respectively. Cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to our reported net loss of $3,878,210 which was offset by several non-cash items totaling $247,047. Cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily due to our reported net loss of $1,819,684 and was offset by $305,018 in stock based compensation related to the issuance of options and warrants throughout 2014, a $235,290 increase in accounts payable due to the increase in vendor billings associated with the Company’s initial public offering, and a $235,766 increase in accrued liabilities due to the timing of invoices received after the year end.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $5,732,863 and $2,399, respectively. Investing activities for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 related to the $5,478,800 net amount of purchases and redemptions of short-term highly liquid securities and $225,671 in purchases of property and equipment during the year as we built out and equipped our lab. The cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2014 related to cash paid for the purchase of property and equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $12,973,221 and $1,890,694, respectively. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily due to the completion of our IPO. We sold 11,250,000 units in the IPO at a price of $1.00 per unit, providing net proceeds of $10,253,484, net of agents’ commissions and expenses. Concurrently with the IPO, we also completed a previously-subscribed private placement of an additional 2,700,000 units for gross proceeds of $2,700,000. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 consisted of $2,640,080 in net proceeds from the issuance of Series B Preferred Stock offset by $749,386 in deferred offering costs relating to the Company’s initial public offering.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Inflation

Inflation did not have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations in 2015 or 2014.

Contractual Obligations

Licensing Agreements

Effective November 30, 2011, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “2011 Exclusive Agreement”) with the Regents of the University of California (the “Regents”) whereby the Regents granted to the Company an exclusive license for the use of certain patents. The Company paid the Regents an initial license issue fee of $35,000, which was charged to General and Administrative expense, as incurred. The Company agreed to pay the licensors specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. The Company is also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first five years following execution of the agreement are $80,000. Thereafter, the Company is required to pay maintenance fees of $50,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, for the duration of the 2011 Exclusive Agreement, the Company is required to pay the licensors royalties equal to 2% of its worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patents, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. The Company is required to pay royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials) to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires the Company to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date. Through December 31, 2015, no royalties have been incurred under the 2011 Exclusive Agreement.

Effective August 6, 2013, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “2013 Exclusive Agreement”) with the Regents whereby the Regents granted to the Company an exclusive license for the use of certain other patents. The Company paid Regents an initial license issue fee of $10,000 for these other patents, which was charged to General and Administrative expense, as incurred. The Company agreed to pay the Regents specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the 2013 Exclusive Agreement. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the 2013 Exclusive Agreement are reduced by 50%. In addition, for the duration of the 2013 Exclusive Agreement, the Company is required to pay the Regents royalties equal to 2% of the Company’s worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patent, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. The Company is required to pay the Regents royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires the Company to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an IND Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date. Through December 31, 2015, no royalties have been incurred under the 2013 Exclusive License Agreement.

Operating Lease

In February 2015, we entered into a lease agreement for a new and expanded laboratory facility. The laboratory space is leased on a month-to month basis and is part of a shared facility in Menlo Park, California. We also terminated our previous month-to-month lease for the laboratory space in Pasadena, California effective March 31, 2015.

Rent expense amounted to $107,385 and $21,600 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Research Loan

In 2013, we were awarded a research loan from the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation. The award was funded in two installments of $102,630 totaling $205,260. We issued promissory notes evidencing each installment of the loan. The notes accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to the prime rate published two days prior to the date of the notes and resets each anniversary of the note. Through December 31, 2015, the interest rate on each note was 3.25% per annum. The notes mature on January 21, 2017 and September 12, 2017, respectively. In connection with the award we also issued to the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation a warrant to purchase 15,596 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.99 per share. The terms of the award generally require us to apply the loan proceeds towards research on potential treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 to the Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2015, for a summary of the relevant recent accounting pronouncements.

Other recent accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements upon adoption.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the dates of the financial statements, the disclosure of contingencies as of the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. If actual results or events differ materially from those contemplated by us in making these estimates, our reported financial condition and results of operations for future periods could be materially affected. See “Risk Factors” for certain matters that may affect our future financial condition or results of operations. An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if the changes in estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the financial statements. Our management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these estimates with the audit committee of our board of directors.

The following critical accounting estimates reflect significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We measure the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We utilize three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

The carrying amounts of cash, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Share-based Payments

We account for share-based payments using the fair value method. For employees and directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. For non-employees, fair value is generally measured based on the fair value of the services provided or the fair value of the common stock on the measurement date, whichever is more readily determinable and re-measured on interim financial reporting dates until the service is complete. We have historically granted stock options at exercise prices no less than the fair market value as determined by the board of directors, with input from management.

The weighted-average fair value of options and warrants has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model. In computing the impact, the fair value of each instrument is estimated on the date of grant utilizing certain assumptions including a risk free interest rate, volatility and expected remaining lives of the awards. Since we have a limited history of being publicly traded, the fair value of stock-based payment awards issued was estimated using a volatility derived from an index of comparable entities. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. In estimating our forfeiture rate, we analyzed our historical forfeiture rate, the remaining lives of unvested options, and the number of vested options as a percentage of total options outstanding. If our actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, or if we reevaluate the forfeiture rate in the future, the stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period. See Note 3 “Summary of Significant Account Policies – Share-Based Payment” to our Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 regarding the specific assumptions used with respect to stock-based compensation for the periods presented.

Since January 1, 2014, we granted stock options with exercise prices as follows:

The fair value of the common stock underlying our stock options was determined by our board of directors, with all options granted to be exercisable at a price per share not less than the per share fair value of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant. Our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant based on a number of factors including:

Valuation of deferred tax assets

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of items that have been included or excluded in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts (“temporary differences”) at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. 

We have evaluated and concluded that there were no material uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company does not expect any significant changes in the unrecognized tax benefits within twelve months of the reporting date.

Item 8. Financial Statements

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

CohBar, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of CohBar, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity (deficiency), and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of CohBar, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP

New York, NY

March 30, 2016

CohBar, Inc.

Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

CohBar, Inc.

Statements of Operations

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

CohBar, Inc.

Changes in Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficiency)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

CohBar, Inc.

Statements of Cash Flows

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 1 - Business Organization and Nature of Operations

CohBar, Inc. (“CohBar” or the “Company”) is a leader in the research and development of mitochondria-based therapeutics (“MBTs”), an emerging class of drugs for the treatment of diseases associated with aging. MBTs originate from the discovery by the Company’s founders of a novel group of peptides within the genome of mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell. The Company’s ongoing development of mitochondrial-derived peptides (“MDPs”) into MBTs offers the potential to address a broad range of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders.

The Company’s primary activities include research and development of its MBT pipeline, securing intellectual property protection, managing collaborations with contract research organizations (“CROs”) and academic institutions, expanding its scientific leadership and laboratory staff and raising capital. To date, the Company has not generated any revenues from operations and does not expect to generate any revenues in the near future and has funded its business with the proceeds of an initial public offering and private placements of equity and debt securities.

In April 2014, the Company effected a 3.6437695-for-1 stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock. All references in these financial statements to the number of shares, options and other common stock equivalents, price per share and weighted-average number of shares outstanding of common stock have been adjusted to retroactively reflect the effect of the stock split.

Note 2 - Management’s Liquidity Plans

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had working capital and stockholders’ equity of $9,797,017 and $9,812,079, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company incurred a net loss of $3,878,210. The Company has not generated any revenues, has incurred net losses since inception and does not expect to generate revenues in the near term.

With the cash on hand as of December 31, 2015, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to meet its operating expenses and working capital needs into the second quarter of 2017, at which time additional capital will be required. However, if unanticipated difficulties arise the Company may be required to raise additional capital to support its operations or curtail its research and development activities until such time as additional capital becomes available. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that the Company will be able to obtain such financing on reasonable terms. The Company does not expect to generate revenues from its operations in the near future and there is no assurance that the Company will generate positive operating cash flow or become profitable in the future. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional funds, it will have to develop and implement a plan to reduce overhead or scale back its business plan until sufficient additional capital is raised to support further operations. There can be no assurance that such a plan will be successful.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

All amounts are presented in U.S. Dollars.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The Company’s significant estimates and assumptions include the fair value of financial instruments, stock-based compensation and the valuation allowance relating to the Company’s deferred tax assets.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company maintains deposits in a financial institution which is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). At various times, the Company has deposits in this financial institution in excess of the amount insured by the FDIC. However, these balances are maintained at creditworthy financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk.

Investments

Investments consist of U.S. Treasury Bills of $3,249,275, which are classified as held-to-maturity, and Certificates of Deposit of $2,238,525. The Company determines the appropriate balance sheet classification of its investments at the time of purchase and evaluates the classification at each balance sheet date. All of the Company’s U.S. Treasury Bills mature within the next twelve months. Unrealized gains and losses are de minimus. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the Company’s U.S. Treasury Bills approximates their fair value. The Company did not hold any such investments at December 31, 2014.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company classifies amounts related to a potential future offering not closed as of the balance sheet date as Deferred Offering Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company incurred $35,811 of offering related costs. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company capitalized costs in the amount of $749,386 as Deferred Offering Costs in the accompanying balance sheet. The related offering closed in January 2015 these costs were recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital in the accompanying balance sheets.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any cash equivalents. The Company includes as part of Restricted Cash any assets which are contractually restricted. Restricted Cash as of December 31, 2014, relates to proceeds received from a grant which was restricted to only certain activities of the Company (see Note 6).

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation of computer and lab equipment is computed by use of the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from one to five years. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the expected lives of the assets are expensed to operations, while expenditures for major upgrades to existing items are capitalized. Upon retirement or other disposition of these assets, the costs and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts and resulting gains or losses are reflected in the results of operations.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company utilizes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 - inputs that are unobservable (for example, cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

The carrying amounts of cash, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The amount of debt included in the accompanying balance sheets approximates its fair value. 

Common Stock Purchase Warrants

The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) provides the Company with a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement) providing that such contracts are indexed to the Company’s own stock. The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the Company’s control), or (ii) gives the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company assesses classification of its common stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company’s free standing derivatives consist of warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in connection with its notes payable and IPO. The Company evaluated these warrants to assess their proper classification using the applicable criteria enumerated under U.S. GAAP and determined that the common stock purchase warrants meet the criteria for equity classification in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of items that have been included or excluded in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the difference between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their respective financial reporting amounts (“temporary differences”) at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse.

Management has evaluated and concluded that there were no material uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company does not expect any significant changes in the unrecognized tax benefits within twelve months of the reporting date.

The Company classifies interest expense and any related penalties related to income tax uncertainties as a component of income tax expense. No interest or penalties have been recognized during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Research and Development Expenses

The Company expenses all research and development expenses as incurred. These costs include payroll, employee benefits, supplies, contracted for lab services, depreciation and other personnel-related costs associated with product development.

Share-Based Payment

The Company accounts for share-based payments using the fair value method. For employees and directors, the fair value of the award is measured, as discussed below, on the grant date. For non-employees, fair value is generally valued based on the fair value of the services provided or the fair value of the equity instruments on the measurement date, whichever is more readily determinable and re-measured on each financial reporting dates until the service is complete. The Company has granted stock options at exercise prices equal to the higher of (i) the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the OTCQX marketplace or (ii) the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported by the TSX Venture Exchange as determined by the board of directors, with input from management on the date of grant.

The weighted-average fair value of options and warrants has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The fair value of each instrument is estimated on the date of grant utilizing certain assumptions for a risk free interest rate, volatility and expected remaining lives of the awards. Since the Company has a limited history of being publicly traded, the fair value of stock-based payment awards issued was estimated using a volatility derived from an index of comparable entities. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and the Company uses different assumptions, the Company’s stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, the Company is required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. In estimating the Company’s forfeiture rate, the Company analyzed its historical forfeiture rate, the remaining lives of unvested options, and the number of vested options as a percentage of total options outstanding. If the Company’s actual forfeiture rate is materially different from its estimate, or if the Company reevaluates the forfeiture rate in the future, the stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what the Company has recorded in the current period.

The weighted-average Black-Scholes assumptions are as follows:

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized stock option compensation expense is $969,756, which will be recognized as those options vest over a period of approximately four years. The amount of future stock option compensation expense could be affected by any future option grants or by any option holders leaving the Company before their grants are fully vested.

Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive and consist of the following:

* December 31, 2014, excludes the impact of Put agreements, which subscribed Series B shareholders of the Company to purchase additional shares and warrants contingent upon, and concurrently with, completion of the IPO (see Note 10).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The FASB has issued ASU No. 2014-12, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period. This ASU requires that a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achieved after the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant date fair value of the award. This update further clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Earlier adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

In August 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for each annual and interim reporting period. If substantial doubt exists, additional disclosure is required. This new standard will be effective for the Company for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which changes how deferred taxes are classified on organizations’ balance sheets. The ASU eliminates the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The amendments apply to all organizations that present a classified balance sheet. For public companies, the amendments are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of this pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from operating leases. A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2016-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  Early application is permitted for all public business entities and all nonpublic business entities upon issuance.  The Company has not yet determined the effect of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Note 4 - Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following:

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $30,727 and $2,377, respectively.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 5 – Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

Note 6 - Note Payable

In 2013, the Company was awarded a grant from the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation totaling $205,260. The Company executed Promissory Notes (the “Notes”) which governed the terms of the repayment of the grant. The Notes have a term of four years and are due and payable in 2017 unless there is a change of control, as defined. In the event of a change of control, the total principal amount that is outstanding under the Notes, plus all accrued and unpaid interest become immediately due and payable. The Notes include interest rates that are equal to the prime rate that is published two days prior to the issuance date of the Notes and resets on each anniversary of the Notes. Through December 31, 2015, the interest rate on each note was 3.25% per annum. In connection with the grant award, the Company also issued to the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation a warrant to purchase 15,596 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.99. The Company determined the fair value of the warrants issued using the Black-Scholes pricing model with the assumptions discussed in Note 3 and allocated the proceeds based on the relative fair value of the debt instrument and the related warrants. The aggregate deferred debt discount related to the Note was $785. The Company amortized $196 of the debt discount during each of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, using the effective interest method. The warrant expires on the 10 year anniversary of the grant date. 

Note 7 - Convertible Promissory Notes

In January 2014, the Company issued Convertible Promissory Notes totaling $210,000 (“January 2014 Notes”). The January 2014 Notes had a maturity date of one year, interest of 0% and included a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 20,946 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.50 per share. The warrants expire the earlier of a liquidation event, upon the effective date of the Company’s initial public offering or in one year. If the January 2014 Notes were not repaid or converted on or prior to the date that is six months after the issuance, the Company was required to issue to the holders of the January 2014 Notes additional warrants equal to the amount of the initial warrants issued. The Company determined the fair value of the warrants issued using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and allocated the proceeds based on the relative fair value of the debt instruments and the related warrants. The aggregate deferred debt discount related to the January 2014 Notes was $137. In April 2014, the January 2014 Notes were converted to shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”) (see Note 10) and the remaining deferred debt discount was charged to expense.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies

Litigations, Claims and Assessments

The Company may be involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments arising in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. There are no such loss contingencies that are included in the financial statements as of December 31, 2015.

Licensing Agreements

The Company is a party to an Exclusive License Agreement (the “2011 Exclusive Agreement”) with The Regents of the University of California (“The Regents”) whereby The Regents granted to the Company an exclusive license for the use of certain patents. The 2011 Exclusive Agreement remains in effect for the life of the last-to-expire patent or last to be abandoned patent application, whichever is later. The Company agreed to pay the licensors specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the license. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the license are reduced by 50%. The Company is also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first five years following execution of the agreement are $80,000. Thereafter, the Company is required to pay maintenance fees of $50,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. In addition, for the duration of the 2011 Exclusive Agreement, the Company is required to pay the licensors royalties equal to 2% of its worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patents, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. The Company is required to pay royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires the Company to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date. Through December 31, 2015, no royalties have been incurred under the agreement. All maintenance fees due and payable as of that date have been paid.

Effective August 6, 2013, the Company entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “2013 Exclusive Agreement”) with The Regents whereby The Regents granted to the Company an exclusive license for the use of certain other patents.  The 2013 Exclusive Agreement remains in effect for the life of the last-to-expire patent or last to be abandoned patent application, whichever is later. The Company paid Regents an initial license issue fee of $10,000 for these other patents, which was charged to General and Administrative expense, as incurred. The Company is also required to pay annual maintenance fees to the licensors. Aggregate maintenance fees for the first three years following execution of the agreement are $7,500. Thereafter, the Company is required to pay maintenance fees of $5,000 annually until the first sale of a licensed product. The Company agreed to pay The Regents specified development milestone payments aggregating up to $765,000 for the first product sold under the 2013 Exclusive Agreement. Milestone payments for additional products developed and sold under the 2013 Exclusive Agreement are reduced by 50%. In addition, for the duration of the 2013 Exclusive Agreement, the Company is required to pay The Regents royalties equal to 2% of the Company’s worldwide net sales of drugs, therapies or other products developed from claims covered by the licensed patent, subject to a minimum royalty payment of $75,000 annually, beginning after the first commercial sale of a licensed product. The Company is required to pay The Regents royalties ranging from 8% of worldwide sublicense sales of covered products (if the sublicense is entered after commencement of phase II clinical trials to 12% of worldwide sublicense sales (if the sublicense is entered prior to commencement of phase I clinical trials). The agreement also requires the Company to meet certain diligence and development milestones, including filing of an IND Application for a product covered by the agreement on or before the seventh anniversary of the agreement date.  Through December 31, 2015, no royalties have been incurred under the agreement. All maintenance fees due and payable as of that date have been paid.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

Operating Lease

In February 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a new and expanded laboratory facility. The laboratory space is leased on a month-to month basis and is part of a shared facility in Menlo Park, California. The Company also terminated a previous month-to-month lease for the laboratory space in Pasadena, California effective March 31, 2015.

Rent expense amounted to $107,385 and $21,600 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Note 9- Income Taxes

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets are as follows:

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 9- Income Taxes (continued)

The income tax provision consists of the following:

The Company assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent that realization is not more-likely-than-not, a valuation allowance is established.  Based upon the Company’s losses since inception, management believes that it is more-likely-than-not that future benefits of deferred tax assets will not be realized.  

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions, principally California and New Jersey. The Company is subject to examination by the various taxing authorities. The Company’s federal and state income tax returns for tax years beginning in 2011 remain subject to examination.

At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had $7,672,674 and $4,175,611, respectively, of federal and state net operating loss carryovers that may be available to offset future taxable income. The net operating loss carry forwards, if not utilized, will expire from 2032 to 2035 for federal and state purposes. In accordance with Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, the usage of the Company’s net operating loss carryforward could be limited in the event of a change in ownership. At this time, the Company has not completed a full study to assess whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code occurred due to the costs and complexities associated with such a study.

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity

Authorized Capital

In January 2015, the Company completed its IPO on the TSX Venture Exchange. The Company sold 11,250,000 units at a price of $1.00 per unit, providing gross proceeds of $11,250,000. Concurrently with the IPO, the Company completed a previously-subscribed private placement of an additional 2,700,000 units for gross proceeds of $2,700,000, resulting in total gross proceeds of $13,950,000. After deducting $996,516 in offering expenses, the Company received net proceeds of $12,953,484. The Company also incurred internal offering costs of $785,197 which is classified as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying balance sheets. All units consist of one share of the Company’s common stock and one-half of one common stock purchase warrant.  In the aggregate, a total of 13,950,000 shares of common stock and 6,975,000 warrants to purchase common stock were issued in connection with the IPO and concurrent private placement. Each whole warrant is exercisable to acquire one share of the Company’s common stock at a price of $2.00 per share at any time up to January 6, 2017, subject to the Company’s right to accelerate the expiration time of the warrants if at any time the volume-weighted average trading price of its common stock is equal to or exceeds $3.00 per share for twenty (20) consecutive trading days.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

In January 2015, the Company amended its Certificate of Incorporation to increase the total number of authorized shares of common stock. Following the amendment, the Company has authorized the issuance and sale of up to 80,000,000 shares of stock, consisting of 75,000,000 shares of common stock having a par value of $0.001 and 5,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock having a par value of $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2015, there were no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding and there were no declared but unpaid dividends or undeclared dividend arrearages on any shares of the Company’s capital stock.

Preferred Stock

During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company issued 5,400,000 shares of convertible Series B Preferred Stock in the amount of $2,700,000, net of issuance costs of $86,129, of which $59,920 were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2014. 420,000 of these Series B Preferred shares were issued upon the conversion of convertible promissory notes issued by the Company in January 2014, in the aggregate principal amount of $210,000 (see Note 7). Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into Common Stock by dividing the Series B original issue price by the Series B conversion price in effect at the time of the conversion. The conversion rate of the Series B Preferred Stock into Common Stock at December 31, 2014, was 1:1. In the event the Company issues additional common stock at any time after the original Series B Preferred Stock issue date, then the Series B conversion price will be adjusted concurrently with such issue. Since the host contract (Series B Preferred Stock) is considered an equity instrument, the embedded conversion option was considered to be closely related to the host and was not bifurcated from the host contract. The Series B Preferred Stock has a par value of $0.001 and was issued at $0.50 per share. The purchasers of Series B Preferred Stock entered into put agreements requiring the purchasers, at the Company’s option, to purchase from the Company securities of the same type as those sold to investors in any future public offering of the Company’s securities, at the same price as the securities sold in the initial public offering, for an aggregate purchase price of up to $2,700,000. The put agreements expire upon the first occurrence of a change in control or in three years. The Company can exercise its rights under the put agreements beginning on the date the Company first submits an IPO Registration Statement for review by the Securities and Exchange Commission and ending the earlier of the day that is 21 days prior to the effective date of the IPO Registration or the expiration date of the put agreements.

On October 17, 2014, the Company exercised its rights under the aforementioned put agreements requiring the purchasers of Series B Preferred Stock to purchase 2,700,000 shares of common stock at the proposed public offering price of $1.00 per share.

Upon the completion of the IPO on January 6, 2015, each outstanding share of Series B Preferred Stock was automatically converted into one share of common stock. The Company converted 5,400,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock into 5,400,000 shares of its common stock.

Stock Options

The Company has one incentive stock plan, the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”). The Company has granted stock options to employees, non-employee directors and consultants from the 2011 Plan through the year ended December 31, 2015. Options granted under the Plan may be Incentive Stock Options or Non-statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant. At December 31, 2015, 3,460,134 shares of the Company’s common stock were available for future issuance under the 2011 Plan.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

In November 2014, the Company increased the aggregate number of shares of its common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”). The maximum number of shares of common stock for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock to its employees, officers, directors and consultants is 2,616,041, an increase of 365,000 shares.

In January 2015, the Company amended and restated the 2011 Plan. The Amendment and Restatement increased the aggregate number of shares of its common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the plan. In accordance with the rules of the TSX Venture Exchange regarding equity incentive plans, the number of shares that can be reserved for issuance under the 2011 Plan is equal to 20% of the Company’s common stock outstanding at the completion of the offering. The total number of shares reserved for issuance after the completion of the IPO is 6,453,069.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company issued 388,124 stock options to employees and consultants with exercise prices of $1.00 and $1.17 and fair values that ranged between $0.69 and $0.81 per share. The stock options granted in 2015 are subject to vesting over four years and have a term of ten years.

During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company issued 2,536,935 stock options to employees and consultants with an exercise price of $0.26 and $0.73 and fair values of $0.18 and $0.52 per share, respectively. The stock options granted in 2014 are subject to vesting over two to four years and have a term of ten years.

127,532 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2014, contained performance conditions which included (i) the optionee’s continuous service and (ii) completion of the Company’s initial public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Since the stock options contained performance conditions that were not met as of December 31, 2014, their fair value was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2015.

The Company recorded $396,850 and $305,018 of stock based compensation in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The compensation expense associated with stock-based awards granted to individuals is recorded by the Company in the same expense classifications as cash compensation paid.

During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company cancelled 5,000 and 91,095 options, respectively, due to the termination of employees. The cancelled options were added back to the available pool for future issuance.

The following table represents stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

The granted balance for 2015 in the table above includes 786,696 options granted to the agents that took part in the IPO (see “Agent’s Compensation Options” below). All other options were granted to employees and consultants under the 2011 Plan.

The following table summarizes information on stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2015:

Agent’s Compensation Options

In connection with the closing of its IPO in January 2015 the Company issued 786,696 compensation options (“Compensation Options”) to the agents that took part in the offering. Each Compensation Option is exercisable for a unit consisting of one share of common stock and one-half of one common stock purchase warrant at an exercise price of $1.00 per unit. The Compensation Options expire on July 6, 2016. Each whole warrant issuable upon exercise of Compensation Options is exercisable to acquire one share of common stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share at any time up to January 6, 2017, subject to the Company’s right to accelerate the expiration time of the warrants if at any time the volume-weighted average trading price of its common stock is equal to or exceeds $3.00 per share for twenty (20) consecutive trading days. Because the Compensation Options are considered a cost of the IPO, the resulting value is recognized as both an increase and decrease to the equity section of the accompanying balance sheets. The Compensation Options are not part of the Company’s 2011 Plan.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, a total of 55,548 Compensation Options were exercised for cash proceeds of $55,548.

Warrants

During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,002,774 shares of common stock in conjunction with the issuance of units sold in the IPO and concurrent private placement, and upon the exercise of 55,548 Compensation Options. The warrants are exercisable through January 6, 2017 at a price of $2.00 per share. The warrants are subject to the Company’s right to accelerate the expiration time of the warrants if at any time the volume-weighted average trading price of its common stock is equal to or exceeds $3.00 per share for twenty (20) consecutive trading days.

In April 2014, the Company issued 797,075 warrants to its chief executive officer. The warrants have an exercise price of $0.26 and a fair value of $0.21 per warrant. The warrants expire on the earlier of a liquidation event, as defined in the agreement, or in ten years.

CohBar, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

Note 10 - Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

In July 2014, the Company issued 100,000 warrants to consultants. The warrants have an exercise price of $0.26 and a fair value of $0.24 per warrant. The warrants expire on the earlier of a liquidation event, as defined, or in five years.

The following table represents warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: